{"id":164,"date":"2020-08-02T16:11:44","date_gmt":"2020-08-02T13:11:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.e-me.edu.gr\/hive-HLIAO\/?p=164"},"modified":"2020-08-02T16:11:44","modified_gmt":"2020-08-02T13:11:44","slug":"%ce%ac%cf%81%ce%b7%cf%82-%ce%bd%ce%b5%cf%81%cf%8c","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.e-me.edu.gr\/hive-HLIAO\/2020\/08\/02\/%ce%ac%cf%81%ce%b7%cf%82-%ce%bd%ce%b5%cf%81%cf%8c\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0386\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 (\u039d\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>km<sup>3<\/sup>. \u0389\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0393\u03b7, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd <a title=\"\u039a\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03af\u03b1 \u0398\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%98%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1\">\u039a\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03af\u03b1 \u0398\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1<\/a>, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af. \u0397 \u0395\u03c1\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b8\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 9 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03b1\u03c0 ' \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u0392\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 <a title=\"\u039c\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u039b\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%9B%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82\">\u039c\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u039b\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-138\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-138\">[138]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-139\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-139\">[139]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-ReferenceC_140-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-ReferenceC-140\">[140]<\/a><\/sup> <sup id=\"cite_ref-141\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-141\">[141]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-142\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-142\">[142]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-143\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-143\">[143]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul class=\"gallery mw-gallery-traditional center\">\n<li class=\"gallerybox\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"thumb\">\n<div><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:PIA22059_fig1eridaniadepths.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/28\/PIA22059_fig1eridaniadepths.jpg\/160px-PIA22059_fig1eridaniadepths.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"160\" height=\"120\" data-file-width=\"1048\" data-file-height=\"789\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p>\u03a7\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0395\u03c1\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u0398\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2. \u0391\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 530 \u03bc\u03af\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"gallerybox\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"thumb\">\n<div><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:PIA22058_hireseridanaregion.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/94\/PIA22058_hireseridanaregion.jpg\/168px-PIA22058_hireseridanaregion.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"168\" height=\"120\" data-file-width=\"1256\" data-file-height=\"900\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p>\u0395\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03b8\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0395\u03c1\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u0398\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"gallerybox\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"thumb\">\n<div><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:%CE%95%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%B8%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/51\/%CE%95%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%B8%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1.jpg\/228px-%CE%95%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%B8%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"228\" height=\"120\" data-file-width=\"1940\" data-file-height=\"1024\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p>\u0394\u03b9\u03ac\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b7\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03b8\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0395\u03c1\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u0398\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03bb\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c7\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c4\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span id=\".CE.9B.CE.B9.CE.BC.CE.BD.CE.B1.CE.AF.CE.B1_.CE.B4.CE.AD.CE.BB.CF.84.CE.B1\"><\/span><span id=\"\u039b\u03b9\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03b1_\u03b4\u03ad\u03bb\u03c4\u03b1\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u039b\u03b9\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03ad\u03bb\u03c4\u03b1<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:605555-PIA15097-JezeroCrater-Delta.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/98\/605555-PIA15097-JezeroCrater-Delta.jpg\/250px-605555-PIA15097-JezeroCrater-Delta.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"193\" data-file-width=\"935\" data-file-height=\"720\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\"><a title=\"\u0394\u03ad\u03bb\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%94%CE%AD%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%B1_%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D\">\u0394\u03ad\u03bb\u03c4\u03b1<\/a> \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039a\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1 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\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03b5\u03c6\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03ac \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03ad\u03bb\u03c4\u03b1. \u0395\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03b8\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af <a title=\"\u038a\u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%8A%CE%B6%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1\">\u03c4\u03bf \u03af\u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1<\/a>. \u0388\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b4\u03ad\u03bb\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Irwin_III_2005_45-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Irwin_III_2005-45\">[45]<\/a><\/sup> \u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03ad\u03bb\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03b2\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7.<sup id=\"cite_ref-144\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-144\">[144]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\".CE.95.CE.B4.CE.B1.CF.86.CE.B9.CE.BA.CF.8C_.CE.BD.CE.B5.CF.81.CF.8C\"><\/span><span id=\"\u0395\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc_\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u0395\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:%CE%95%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/14\/%CE%95%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7.jpg\/220px-%CE%95%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"312\" data-file-width=\"606\" data-file-height=\"859\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\u03a4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03cd\u03b4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03b2\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf 1979 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c1\u03ae\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7.<sup id=\"cite_ref-145\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-145\">[145]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-146\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-146\">[146]<\/a><\/sup> \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd, \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03bc\u03cd\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039a\u03bf\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u0391\u03b8\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1.<sup id=\"cite_ref-147\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-147\">[147]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-DOInature_148-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-DOInature-148\">[148]<\/a><\/sup> \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03a7\u03b1\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7 \u03ae \u03a7\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c1\u03ae\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Carr_126-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Carr-126\">[126]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u03a4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03be\u03b1\u03c6\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b5\u03be\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<sup id=\"cite_ref-149\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-149\">[149]<\/a><\/sup> \u0391\u03bd\u03c4 ' \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd, \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Jakosky1999_150-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Jakosky1999-150\">[150]<\/a><\/sup> \u0392\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ac\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 <a title=\"\u03a6\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A6%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B9\">\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1<\/a> \u03ae \"\u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\" \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0393\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Carr_126-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Carr-126\">[126]<\/a><\/sup> <sup id=\"cite_ref-151\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-151\">[151]<\/a><\/sup> <sup id=\"cite_ref-Carr_126-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Carr-126\">[126]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Burns_cliff.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a4\/Burns_cliff.jpg\/220px-Burns_cliff.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"142\" data-file-width=\"3700\" data-file-height=\"2381\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\u0391\u03c0\u03cc <a title=\"\u03a3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1<\/a> \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0393\u03ba\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u03cc \u039c\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039a\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1 \u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c1\u03bf\u03ae \u03c1\u03b7\u03c7\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd.<sup id=\"cite_ref-BurnsCliff_152-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-BurnsCliff-152\">[152]<\/a><\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><a title=\"\u0395\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%95%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C\">\u03a4\u03bf \u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc<\/a> \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03ad\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Michalski_153-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Michalski-153\">[153]<\/a><\/sup> \u03a3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u2014\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd- \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.<sup id=\"cite_ref-BurnsCliff_152-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-BurnsCliff-152\">[152]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Zuber_154-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Zuber-154\">[154]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-155\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-155\">[155]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-156\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-156\">[156]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-157\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-157\">[157]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-158\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-158\">[158]<\/a><\/sup> \u0394\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae, \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03cb\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b9\u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 <a title=\"\u0391\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03ac\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%B8%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b2\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7<\/a>. \u03a4\u03bf 2011 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u038c\u03c1\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b9\u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0393\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u0391\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03af\u03b1.<sup id=\"cite_ref-159\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-159\">[159]<\/a><\/sup> <sup id=\"cite_ref-160\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-160\">[160]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\".CE.97_.CF.85.CF.80.CF.8C.CE.B8.CE.B5.CF.83.CE.B7_.CF.84.CE.BF.CF.85_.CE.91.CF.81.CE.B5.CE.B9.CE.B1.CE.BD.CE.BF.CF.8D_.CF.89.CE.BA.CE.B5.CE.B1.CE.BD.CE.BF.CF.8D\"><\/span><span id=\"\u0397_\u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7_\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5_\u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd_\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u0397 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:MarsTopoMap-PIA02031_modest.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f3\/MarsTopoMap-PIA02031_modest.jpg\/350px-MarsTopoMap-PIA02031_modest.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"311\" data-file-width=\"2497\" data-file-height=\"2221\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\u0397 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u03b2\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf \u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ae \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Brandenburg_1987_161-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Brandenburg_1987-161\">[161]<\/a><\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u0397 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7 \u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ae \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Baker_20-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Baker-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 <a title=\"\u0393\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7\">\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2<\/a> \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Cabrol,_N_2010_124-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Cabrol,_N_2010-124\">[124]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Clifford_162-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Clifford-162\">[162]<\/a><\/sup> \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bf \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \"\u03a9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2\" \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Baker_20-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Baker-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup> \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7 \u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf \u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf, \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 4-5 \u03c7\u03bb\u03bc. \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c5\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Carr_126-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Carr-126\">[126]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0399\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 2010 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03be\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf 36% \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ReferenceA_27-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-ReferenceA-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-third_28-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-third-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup> T\u03bf 1999 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf <a title=\"\u039b\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%AE%CF%82\">\u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2<\/a> \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf 75% \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Smith_163-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Smith-163\">[163]<\/a><\/sup> \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03b6\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c4\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03be\u03b7 \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ReadandLewis_164-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-ReadandLewis-164\">[164]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-165\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-165\">[165]<\/a><\/sup> \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd, \u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 <a title=\"\u03a5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1\">\u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5<\/a> \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Zuber_154-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Zuber-154\">[154]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-166\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-166\">[166]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u0397 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf.<sup id=\"cite_ref-2003JGRE..108.5042C_167-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-2003JGRE..108.5042C-167\">[167]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-168\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-168\">[168]<\/a><\/sup> \u039a\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd 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href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%A9%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82\">\u0391\u03c1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03a9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd<\/a>, \u03ae \u03c4\u03bf 19% \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2. \u0397 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03ba\u03c5\u03c8\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \/ <a title=\"\u0394\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%94%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5<\/a> \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7 <a title=\"\u0391\u03c4\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%91%CF%84%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7\">\u03b1\u03c4\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7<\/a> \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0393\u03b7\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b2\u03c1\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 8 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0393\u03b7, \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 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id=\"cite_ref-NYT-20150305_170-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-NYT-20150305-170\">[170]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Tsunamisstreamlinedp20008931.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b4\/Tsunamisstreamlinedp20008931.jpg\/220px-Tsunamisstreamlinedp20008931.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"103\" data-file-width=\"1920\" data-file-height=\"895\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\u0395\u03c5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 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\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf \u03cd\u03c8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd 50 \u03bc, \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 10 - 120 \u03bc. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 30 \u03c7\u03bb\u03bc \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 30 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bc\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1. \u03a4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ce \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b2\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03be\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bc\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1. \u0397 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03bb\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b9. \u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b7 \u03a7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03ae \u03a0\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0393\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u0391\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03af\u03b1. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03ad\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u0399\u03c3\u03bc\u03ae\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u039b\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0391\u03ba\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u0398\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1.<sup id=\"cite_ref-171\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-171\">[171]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-172\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-172\">[172]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-173\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-173\">[173]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-174\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-174\">[174]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\".CE.9D.CE.B5.CF.81.CF.8C_.CF.83.CF.84.CE.BF_.CF.80.CE.B1.CF.81.CF.8C.CE.BD\"><\/span><span id=\"\u039d\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc_\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf_\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u039d\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tmulti tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"tsingle\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Water_equivalent_hydrogen_abundance_in_the_lower_latitudes_of_Mars_01.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/Water_equivalent_hydrogen_abundance_in_the_lower_latitudes_of_Mars_01.jpg\/200px-Water_equivalent_hydrogen_abundance_in_the_lower_latitudes_of_Mars_01.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"133\" data-file-width=\"3187\" data-file-height=\"2125\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tsingle\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Water_equivalent_hydrogen_abundance_in_the_high_latitudes_of_Mars.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/78\/Water_equivalent_hydrogen_abundance_in_the_high_latitudes_of_Mars.jpg\/200px-Water_equivalent_hydrogen_abundance_in_the_high_latitudes_of_Mars.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"133\" data-file-width=\"3187\" data-file-height=\"2125\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\u0391\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 (\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 (\u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9) \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7. <sup id=\"cite_ref-175\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-175\">[175]<\/a><\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u03a3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc <a title=\"\u03a5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF\">\u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf<\/a> \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <a title=\"2001 Mars Odyssey\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2001_Mars_Odyssey\">\u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae \u039f\u03b4\u03cd\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Boynton2007_176-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Boynton2007-176\">[176]<\/a><\/sup> \u03a0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 <a title=\"\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd<\/a> \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1. \u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c6\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ac\u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03bc\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u03a3\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc 60\u00b0 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2, \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u0397\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b7\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b7 \u0393\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03a3\u03ac\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0393\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 18% \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc 60\u00b0 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9. \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7 70\u00b0 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf 25% \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf 100% \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<sup id=\"cite_ref-177\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-177\">[177]<\/a><\/sup> \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1 SHARAD \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 MARSIS \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u0395\u03c6\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03be\u03bf\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03af \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ae \u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae \u039f\u03b4\u03cd\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03b1, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03ba\u03c5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03a5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u0399\u03c3\u03bf\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1 (WEG) \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u2248 14 cm\u2014\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 14% \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Feldman2004_178-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Feldman2004-178\">[178]<\/a><\/sup> \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bf \u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 WEG \u2248 30 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf WEG \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c6\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 500 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Feldman2004_178-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Feldman2004-178\">[178]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-ChristensenIceBudget_10-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-ChristensenIceBudget-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> \u03a0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03cd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae \u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03b6\u03cd\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Carr_126-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Carr-126\">[126]<\/a><\/sup> \u0397 \u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c4\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c8\u03b7 \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf WEG \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 10 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Feldman2004_178-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Feldman2004-178\">[178]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\".CE.A0.CE.BF.CE.BB.CE.B9.CE.BA.CE.AC_.CF.80.CE.B1.CE.B3.CE.BF.CE.BA.CE.B1.CE.BB.CF.8D.CE.BC.CE.BC.CE.B1.CF.84.CE.B1\"><\/span><span id=\"\u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac_\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"thumb tmulti tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"tsingle\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Martian_north_polar_cap.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/62\/Martian_north_polar_cap.jpg\/200px-Martian_north_polar_cap.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"193\" data-file-width=\"1368\" data-file-height=\"1319\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\u0392\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf 1999<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tsingle\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:South_Polar_Cap_of_Mars_during_Martian_South_summer_2000.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/cb\/South_Polar_Cap_of_Mars_during_Martian_South_summer_2000.jpg\/200px-South_Polar_Cap_of_Mars_during_Martian_South_summer_2000.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"146\" data-file-width=\"1690\" data-file-height=\"1234\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\u039d\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf 2000<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u0395\u03be\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac (<a title=\"\u0392\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u039b\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%92%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B7\">\u0392\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u039b\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7<\/a>) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac (\u039d\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03a0\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1) <a title=\"\u03a0\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1<\/a> \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 <a title=\"\u0395\u03be\u03ac\u03c7\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%95%CE%BE%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7\">\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c7\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/a> \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd. \u03a4\u03bf 2004, \u03c4\u03bf \u03b7\u03c7\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1 MARSIS \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \u0395\u03be\u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 3,7 \u03c7\u03bb\u03bc. \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NASAwater_179-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-NASAwater-179\">[179]<\/a><\/sup> \u03a4\u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf \u03a9\u039c\u0395\u0393\u0391 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b7, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc, \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 85% \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf CO<sub>2<\/sub> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 15% \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ESAwater_9-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-ESAwater-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> \u03a4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ae <i>\u03ba\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2<\/i> \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be \u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ESAwater_9-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-ESAwater-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> \u03a4\u03bf \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ESAwater_9-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-ESAwater-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Kostama_180-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Kostama-180\">[180]<\/a><\/sup> \u039f\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 NASA \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b1\u03bd \u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 11 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NASAwater_179-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-NASAwater-179\">[179]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Plaut2007_181-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Plaut2007-181\">[181]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%92%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a0\/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%92%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82.jpg\/445px-%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%92%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"445\" height=\"220\" data-file-width=\"2013\" data-file-height=\"996\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b4\u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b7\u03c7\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 20 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bc\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 km<sup>3<\/sup> \u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 137 \u03bc.<sup id=\"cite_ref-182\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-182\">[182]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-183\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-183\">[183]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf\u03bd \u0399\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf 2008 \u03c4\u03bf NASA \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf <a class=\"new\" title=\"\u03a6\u03bf\u03af\u03bd\u03b9\u03be \u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1 (\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1)\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%CE%A6%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BE_%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u03a6\u03bf\u03af\u03bd\u03b9\u03be \u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1<\/a> \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 (68,2\u00b0 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2). \u0395\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7.<sup id=\"cite_ref-LATimes_184-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-LATimes-184\">[184]<\/a><\/sup> \u0394\u03cd\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf \u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1 SHARAD \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03a4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ad\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 821.000 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1. \u0394\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf 30% \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0393\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5, \u03ae \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 56 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd.<sup id=\"cite_ref-185\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-185\">[185]<\/a><\/sup> \u039a\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03ae \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <a class=\"new\" title=\"HiRISE (\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1)\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=HiRISE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">HiRISE<\/a> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Mars Global Surveyor. \u039f\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<sup id=\"cite_ref-Carr_126-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Carr-126\">[126]<\/a><\/sup> \u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae.<sup id=\"cite_ref-186\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-186\">[186]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p><a title=\"\u039b\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7 \u0392\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9B%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BA\">\u0397 \u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7 \u0392\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03ba<\/a> \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd <a title=\"\u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE\">\u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae<\/a> \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7 \u03cd\u03b4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<sup id=\"cite_ref-187\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-187\">[187]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h4><span id=\".CE.9D.CE.B5.CF.81.CF.8C_.CF.83.CE.B5_.CF.85.CE.B3.CF.81.CE.AE_.CE.BC.CE.BF.CF.81.CF.86.CE.AE_.CE.BA.CE.AC.CF.84.CF.89_.CE.B1.CF.80.CF.8C_.CF.84.CE.BF.CF.85.CF.82_.CF.80.CE.AC.CE.B3.CE.BF.CF.85.CF.82\"><\/span><span id=\"\u039d\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc_\u03c3\u03b5_\u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ae_\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae_\u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9_\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc_\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2_\u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u039d\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ae \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2<\/span><\/h4>\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Mars-SubglacialWater-SouthPoleRegion-20180725.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c9\/Mars-SubglacialWater-SouthPoleRegion-20180725.jpg\/220px-Mars-SubglacialWater-SouthPoleRegion-20180725.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"311\" data-file-width=\"1448\" data-file-height=\"2048\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd (\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u0399\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf 2018)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf\u03bd \u0399\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf 2018 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0399\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03a5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b7, 1,5 \u03c7\u03bb\u03bc. \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac 20 \u03c7\u03bb\u03bc. \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4a \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7.<sup id=\"cite_ref-SCI-20180725_188-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-SCI-20180725-188\">[188]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-NYT-20180725_189-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-NYT-20180725-189\">[189]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-190\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-190\">[190]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-191\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-191\">[191]<\/a><\/sup> \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae \u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b7\u03c7\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1 MARSIS \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u039c\u03ac\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 2012 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u0394\u03b5\u03ba\u03ad\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 2015.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Suppl_material_192-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Suppl_material-192\">[192]<\/a><\/sup> \u0397 \u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf 193\u00b0\u0391, 81\u00b0\u039d, \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c5\u03c8\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b8\u03bb\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7.<sup id=\"cite_ref-SCI-20180725_188-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-SCI-20180725-188\">[188]<\/a><\/sup> \u03a4\u03bf \u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1 SHARAD \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <i>Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter<\/i> \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b7 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03ca\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2.<sup id=\"cite_ref-193\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-193\">[193]<\/a><\/sup> \u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03af\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf SHARAD \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b4\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf MARSIS.<\/p>\n<p>\u0395\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03af\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 205\u00a0K (\u221268\u00a0\u00b0C; \u221291\u00a0\u00b0F), \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03cc \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c8\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd <a title=\"\u03a5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c7\u03bb\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%87%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C\">\u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c7\u03bb\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd<\/a> \u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b2\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5.<sup id=\"cite_ref-SCI-20180725_188-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-SCI-20180725-188\">[188]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-194\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-194\">[194]<\/a><\/sup> \u03a4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 1,5 \u03c7\u03bb\u03bc. \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf, \u03bc\u03b5 10 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 20% \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1 1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03be\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5.<sup id=\"cite_ref-SCI-20180725_188-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-SCI-20180725-188\">[188]<\/a><\/sup> \u0395\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ae\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u00ab<i>\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1<\/i>.\u00bb<sup id=\"cite_ref-SCI-20180725_188-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-SCI-20180725-188\">[188]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u0397 \u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc, \u03ae \u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c0\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03ba\u03c5\u03c8\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c7\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1.<sup id=\"cite_ref-RTE2018-07-25a_195-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-RTE2018-07-25a-195\">[195]<\/a><\/sup> \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ac \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd 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\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c7\u03bb\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd.<sup id=\"cite_ref-RTE2018-07-25a_195-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-RTE2018-07-25a-195\">[195]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\".CE.95.CE.B4.CE.B1.CF.86.CE.B9.CE.BA.CF.8C.CF.82_.CF.80.CE.AC.CE.B3.CE.BF.CF.82\"><\/span><span id=\"\u0395\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2_\u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u0395\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Mars_exposed_subsurface_ice.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c1\/Mars_exposed_subsurface_ice.jpg\/220px-Mars_exposed_subsurface_ice.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"158\" data-file-width=\"945\" data-file-height=\"680\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5-\u03c7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c8\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u038c\u03c1\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1.<sup id=\"cite_ref-exposed_ice_2018_196-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-exposed_ice_2018-196\">[196]<\/a><\/sup> \u0391\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 500 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd. \u039f \u03ba\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ad\u03c6\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac 128 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 100 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf.<sup id=\"cite_ref-197\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-197\">[197]<\/a><\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1, \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0393\u03b7.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Kieffer1992_198-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Kieffer1992-198\">[198]<\/a><\/sup> \u039a\u03b1\u03c4 ' \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 <a title=\"\u039c\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9C%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%AD%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82\">\u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2<\/a>, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ICRS-20170928_199-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-ICRS-20170928-199\">[199]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-SP-20171002_200-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-SP-20171002-200\">[200]<\/a><\/sup> \u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7, \u03c4\u03bf <a class=\"new\" title=\"\u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 (\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1)\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%AD%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2<\/a>, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c1\u03af\u03b3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0393\u03b7, \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4o \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03be\u03b5\u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<sup id=\"cite_ref-201\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-201\">[201]<\/a><\/sup> \u03a5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03bb\u03c5\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c7\u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac.<sup id=\"cite_ref-202\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-202\">[202]<\/a><\/sup> \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae \u039f\u03b4\u03cd\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03a6\u03bf\u03af\u03bd\u03b9\u03be \u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5.<sup id=\"cite_ref-203\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-203\">[203]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tmulti tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div><a class=\"new\" title=\"\u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 (\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1)\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%AD%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"tsingle\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Phoenix_mission_patterned_ground,_Mars.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7e\/Phoenix_mission_patterned_ground%2C_Mars.jpg\/188px-Phoenix_mission_patterned_ground%2C_Mars.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"188\" height=\"229\" data-file-width=\"1003\" data-file-height=\"1221\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b7<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tsingle\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Frost_upheaval.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a9\/Frost_upheaval.jpg\/188px-Frost_upheaval.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"188\" height=\"104\" data-file-width=\"1438\" data-file-height=\"792\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf <a title=\"\u038c\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u039a\u03ad\u03bd\u03c5\u03b1\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%85%CE%B1\">\u038c\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u039a\u03ad\u03bd\u03c5\u03b1<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf 2017 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 HiRISE \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03a4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd (MRO) \u03b2\u03c1\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03ce \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 100 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 1 - 2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd.<sup id=\"cite_ref-exposed_ice_2018_196-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-exposed_ice_2018-196\">[196]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-204\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-204\">[204]<\/a><\/sup> \u039f\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7 55\u00b0- 58\u00b0 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c1\u03b7\u03c7\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2.<sup id=\"cite_ref-exposed_ice_2018_196-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-exposed_ice_2018-196\">[196]<\/a><\/sup> \u0397 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <a title=\"2001 Mars Odyssey\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2001_Mars_Odyssey\">\u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae \u039f\u03b4\u03cd\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1<\/a>, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b4\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd MRO \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03c2 \u0395\u03be\u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a6\u03bf\u03af\u03bd\u03b9\u03be \u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1 .<sup id=\"cite_ref-exposed_ice_2018_196-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-exposed_ice_2018-196\">[196]<\/a><\/sup> \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2.<sup id=\"cite_ref-exposed_ice_2018_196-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-exposed_ice_2018-196\">[196]<\/a><\/sup> \u0388\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bc\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1, \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf \u03ac\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03b9\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"gallery mw-gallery-traditional center\">\n<li class=\"gallerybox\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"thumb\">\n<div><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:50345_1230icelayersangular.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7e\/50345_1230icelayersangular.jpg\/241px-50345_1230icelayersangular.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"241\" height=\"120\" data-file-width=\"1861\" data-file-height=\"930\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p>\u039a\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b8\u03bb\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf HiRISE. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03ae \u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1. \u0397 \u03b5\u03bd \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \"\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2 <a class=\"new\" title=\"Unconformity (\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1)\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Unconformity&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1<\/a>.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-205\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-205\">[205]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"gallerybox\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"thumb\">\n<div><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:ESP_053867_2245hotejecta.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/ac\/ESP_053867_2245hotejecta.jpg\/109px-ESP_053867_2245hotejecta.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"109\" height=\"120\" data-file-width=\"2048\" data-file-height=\"2258\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p>\u039a\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ac\u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf HiRISE. \u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 <a class=\"new\" title=\"Ismenius Lacus quadrangle (\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1)\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Ismenius_Lacus_quadrangle&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u0399\u03c3\u03bc\u03ae\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u039b\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"gallerybox\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"thumb\">\n<div><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:53867_2245hotejectamargin.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/70\/53867_2245hotejectamargin.jpg\/250px-53867_2245hotejectamargin.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"118\" data-file-width=\"1307\" data-file-height=\"618\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p>\u039a\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf HiRISE. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7. \u038a\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b6\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2,<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<dl>\n<dt>\u039a\u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1<\/dt>\n<\/dl>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Scalop_formation.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d2\/Scalop_formation.jpg\/250px-Scalop_formation.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"162\" data-file-width=\"940\" data-file-height=\"608\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\u03a4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u03bd. \u0391\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03af \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 (\u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03ac)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u039f\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03bb\u03af\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u03a5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c8\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03bb\u03af\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03b1. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc <a title=\"\u0395\u03be\u03ac\u03c7\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%95%CE%BE%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7\">\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c7\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7<\/a> \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ce\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c7\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2. \u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<sup id=\"cite_ref-206\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-206\">[206]<\/a><\/sup> \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c4\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Head,_J._2003_207-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Head,_J._2003-207\">[207]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-hirise_208-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-hirise-208\">[208]<\/a><\/sup> \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2. \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 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\u03a5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c1\u03c9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03ad\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Icarus_Vol_210_123-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Icarus_Vol_210-123\">[123]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-209\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-209\">[209]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:ESP_037461_2255scallopsclose.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/70\/ESP_037461_2255scallopsclose.jpg\/250px-ESP_037461_2255scallopsclose.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"118\" data-file-width=\"1860\" data-file-height=\"879\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\u039a\u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2. \u0395\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 HiRISE.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u03a4\u03b7\u03bd 22 \u039d\u03bf\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 2016 \u03c4\u03bf NASA \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b2\u03c1\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd <a class=\"new\" title=\"\u03a0\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u039f\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1 (\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1)\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1_%CE%9F%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u03a0\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u039f\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1<\/a> \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7.<sup id=\"cite_ref-210\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-210\">[210]<\/a><\/sup> \u039f \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 <a title=\"\u039b\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7 \u03a3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c0\u03af\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9B%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%81\">\u039b\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c0\u03af\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u039f \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b4\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc-\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf-\u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u038c\u03c1\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 SHARAD. \u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5.<sup id=\"cite_ref-211\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-211\">[211]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-212\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-212\">[212]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-213\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-213\">[213]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 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\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03bf\u03cd <a title=\"\u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1<\/a>, \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u2014\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c5\u03b8\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03c0\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ac\u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf H<sub>2<\/sub>O.<sup id=\"cite_ref-214\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-214\">[214]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<dl>\n<dt>\u039c\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5<\/dt>\n<\/dl>\n<p>\u03a4\u03b7\u03bd 28 \u0399\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 2005, \u03b7 <a title=\"\u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u039f\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%95%CF%85%CF%81%CF%89%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82\">\u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ae \u03a5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/a> \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03be\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc, <sup id=\"cite_ref-lake_215-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-lake-215\">[215]<\/a><\/sup> \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c9\u03c2 \"\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-BBClake_216-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-BBClake-216\">[216]<\/a><\/sup> \u0395\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03a5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03bf \u039a\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03c2 \u0395\u03be\u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c1\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <a title=\"\u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u039f\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%95%CF%85%CF%81%CF%89%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82\">\u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u039f\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/a>, \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03be\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf 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O\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0395\u03a5\u0394 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03cd\u03c8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03cd\u03b4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03af. \u03a4\u03bf \u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \"\u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\" \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae \u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf. \u0395\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7.<\/p>\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7 (\u224830-60\u00b0 \u0392\/\u039d \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc).<sup id=\"cite_ref-Carr_126-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Carr-126\">[126]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\".CE.A0.CE.B1.CE.B3.CE.B5.CF.84.CF.8E.CE.BD.CE.B5.CF.82\"><\/span><span id=\"\u03a0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u03a0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wide_view_of_glacier_showing_image_field.JPG\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f8\/Wide_view_of_glacier_showing_image_field.JPG\/180px-Wide_view_of_glacier_showing_image_field.JPG\" alt=\"\" width=\"180\" height=\"291\" data-file-width=\"512\" data-file-height=\"827\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd. \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ac \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7, \u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0399\u03c3\u03bc\u03ae\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u039b\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ISBN_0-8165-1257-4_217-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-ISBN_0-8165-1257-4-217\">[217]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Express_218-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Express-218\">[218]<\/a><\/sup> 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\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c7\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\/\u03ae \u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Holt,_J._2008_38-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Holt,_J._2008-38\">[38]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Plaut,_J._2008_55-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Plaut,_J._2008-55\">[55]<\/a><\/sup> \u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03bb\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae <a class=\"new\" title=\"\u03a4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0394\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 (\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1)\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%94%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u03a4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0394\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5<\/a>, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Plaut,_J._2008_55-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Plaut,_J._2008-55\">[55]<\/a><\/sup> \u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b7\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0398\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0395\u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Hauber,_E._2005_219-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Hauber,_E._2005-219\">[219]<\/a><\/sup> \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u038c\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u0391\u03c1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1,<sup id=\"cite_ref-brown_220-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-brown-220\">[220]<\/a><\/sup> \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u038c\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a0\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c2,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Shean,_D._2005_221-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Shean,_D._2005-221\">[221]<\/a><\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 <a title=\"\u038c\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u038c\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 (\u0386\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2)\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%8C%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%82)\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u038c\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Basilevsky,_A._2006_222-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Basilevsky,_A._2006-222\">[222]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wikifrettedctxpo5.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/83\/Wikifrettedctxpo5.jpg\/284px-Wikifrettedctxpo5.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"284\" height=\"160\" data-file-width=\"1920\" data-file-height=\"1080\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\u03a0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf (mesa) \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u039b\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd. \u039a\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Glacier_close_up_with_hirise.JPG\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/ff\/Glacier_close_up_with_hirise.JPG\/220px-Glacier_close_up_with_hirise.JPG\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"143\" data-file-width=\"941\" data-file-height=\"610\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 <a class=\"new\" title=\"\u039b\u03b9\u03b8\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 (\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1)\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%B8%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u03bb\u03b9\u03b8\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2<\/a> \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1. \u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u0399\u03c3\u03bc\u03ae\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u039b\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u03a4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b9\u03be\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03c2,<sup id=\"cite_ref-223\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-223\">[223]<\/a><\/sup> \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03c2, \u03bb\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Plaut,_J._2008_55-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Plaut,_J._2008-55\">[55]<\/a><\/sup> \u03ae \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2,<sup id=\"cite_ref-HeadMarchant2006_51-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-HeadMarchant2006-51\">[51]<\/a><\/sup> , \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9. \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03af, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9, \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03af \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd.<sup id=\"cite_ref-224\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-224\">[224]<\/a><\/sup> \u039f\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0393\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u0391\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf \u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c5\u03b2\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 <a class=\"new\" title=\"\u039b\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1)\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AE%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%AC_%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u03bb\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/a> \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bf\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Holt,_J._2008_38-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Holt,_J._2008-38\">[38]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Plaut,_J._2008_55-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Plaut,_J._2008-55\">[55]<\/a><\/sup> \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \"\u03bb\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\" \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Richard_Lewis_54-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Richard_Lewis-54\">[54]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Tropical_snow_225-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Tropical_snow-225\">[225]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-in_flux_226-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-in_flux-226\">[226]<\/a><\/sup> \u039c\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b5\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Holt,_J._2008_38-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Holt,_J._2008-38\">[38]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Plaut,_J._2008_55-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Plaut,_J._2008-55\">[55]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ad\u03c6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bf \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c1\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ac\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0393\u03b7, \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 <a class=\"new\" title=\"\u039b\u03b9\u03b8\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 (\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1)\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%B8%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u03bb\u03b9\u03b8\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-227\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-227\">[<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>km3. \u0389\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0393\u03b7, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039a\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03af\u03b1 \u0398\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af. \u0397 \u0395\u03c1\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b8\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 9 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03b1\u03c0 &#8216; \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u0392\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 &hellip; <\/p>\n<div class=\"more-link-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.e-me.edu.gr\/hive-HLIAO\/2020\/08\/02\/%ce%ac%cf%81%ce%b7%cf%82-%ce%bd%ce%b5%cf%81%cf%8c\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;\u0386\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 (\u039d\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc)&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":237062,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[28,24,3,31,5],"class_list":["post-164","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-1","tag-28","tag-24","tag-3","tag-31","tag-5"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.e-me.edu.gr\/hive-HLIAO\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/164","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.e-me.edu.gr\/hive-HLIAO\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.e-me.edu.gr\/hive-HLIAO\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.e-me.edu.gr\/hive-HLIAO\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/237062"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.e-me.edu.gr\/hive-HLIAO\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=164"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.e-me.edu.gr\/hive-HLIAO\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/164\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.e-me.edu.gr\/hive-HLIAO\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=164"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.e-me.edu.gr\/hive-HLIAO\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=164"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.e-me.edu.gr\/hive-HLIAO\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=164"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}