{"id":168,"date":"2020-08-02T16:16:44","date_gmt":"2020-08-02T13:16:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.e-me.edu.gr\/hive-HLIAO\/?p=168"},"modified":"2020-08-02T16:16:44","modified_gmt":"2020-08-02T13:16:44","slug":"%ce%b6%cf%89%ce%ae-%cf%83%cf%84%ce%bf%ce%bd-%ce%ac%cf%81%ce%b7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.e-me.edu.gr\/hive-HLIAO\/2020\/08\/02\/%ce%b6%cf%89%ce%ae-%cf%83%cf%84%ce%bf%ce%bd-%ce%ac%cf%81%ce%b7\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0396\u03c9\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b7"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 id=\"firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\">\u0396\u03c9\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b7<\/h1>\n<div id=\"bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\">\n<div id=\"siteSub\" class=\"noprint\">\u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u0392\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1<\/div>\n<div id=\"contentSub\"><\/div>\n<div id=\"contentSub2\"><\/div>\n<div id=\"jump-to-nav\"><\/div>\n<p><a class=\"mw-jump-link\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#mw-head\">\u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7<\/a> <a class=\"mw-jump-link\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#searchInput\">\u03a0\u03ae\u03b4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7<\/a><\/p>\n<div id=\"mw-content-text\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"el\">\n<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n<table class=\"vertical-navbox nowraplinks noprint\" cellspacing=\"5\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:MarsCuriosityRover-Drilling-Sol170%2B%2B-2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/eb\/MarsCuriosityRover-Drilling-Sol170%2B%2B-2.jpg\/200px-MarsCuriosityRover-Drilling-Sol170%2B%2B-2.jpg\" alt=\"MarsCuriosityRover-Drilling-Sol170++-2.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"221\" data-file-width=\"3819\" data-file-height=\"4223\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"\">\u03a4\u03bf \u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1:<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"\"><a title=\"\u0395\u03be\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%95%CE%BE%CF%89%CE%B3%CE%AE%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CE%B6%CF%89%CE%AE\">\u0396\u03c9\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd<\/a><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"\"><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"\u0391\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%91%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1\">\u0391\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1<\/a><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"\"><a title=\"\u0396\u03c9\u03ae\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE\">\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1<\/a> \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"\u0397\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03a3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%A3%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1\">\u0397\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03a3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1<\/a><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"hlist\">\n<ul>\n<li><a title=\"\u0396\u03c9\u03ae\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE\">\u0396\u03c9\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0393\u03b7<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"mw-selflink selflink\">\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1: \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b7<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"\u0396\u03c9\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0391\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%91%CF%86%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B7\">\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0391\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03c4\u03b7<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"\u0395\u03b3\u03ba\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 (\u03b4\u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2)\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%95%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%85%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82)#\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\">\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0395\u03b3\u03ba\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"\u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b7 (\u03b4\u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2)\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%95%CF%85%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%80%CE%B7_(%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%85%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82)#\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\">\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b7<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"\u0396\u03c9\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a4\u03b9\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%A4%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B1\">\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a4\u03b9\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"\">\u0396\u03c9\u03ae \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <a title=\"\u0397\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1\">\u0397\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03a3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/a><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"hlist\">\n<ul>\n<li><a class=\"new\" title=\"\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b7 (\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1)\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B7_%CE%B6%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b7<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"\u0395\u03be\u03c9\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%95%CE%BE%CF%89%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82\">\u0395\u03be\u03c9\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"\u03a0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1\">\u03a0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"SETI\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SETI\">SETI<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"plainlinks navbar noprint\"><a title=\"\u03a0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf:\u0396\u03c9\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF:%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD\"><span title=\"\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\">\u03c0<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u2022\u00a0<a class=\"new\" title=\"\u03a3\u03c5\u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5:\u0396\u03c9\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd (\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1)\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%84%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85:%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\"><span title=\"\u03a3\u03c5\u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\">\u03c3<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u2022\u00a0<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF:%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD&amp;action=edit\"><span title=\"\u0395\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\">\u03b5<\/span><\/a> <\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0397 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03be\u03b7\u03c2\u00a0<a title=\"\u0396\u03c9\u03ae\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE\">\u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2<\/a> \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd <a title=\"\u0386\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 (\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2)\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%82_(%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82)\">\u0386\u03c1\u03b7<\/a> \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd\u00a0<a title=\"\u0392\u03b9\u03bf\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1\">\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1<\/a>\u00a0\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9\u00a0\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 <a title=\"\u0393\u03b7\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%93%CE%B7\">\u0393\u03b7<\/a>. \u0395\u03c0\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b7. \u0391\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 <a class=\"new\" title=\"\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039d\u03ce\u03b5 (\u0386\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2) (\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1)\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9D%CF%8E%CE%B5_(%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%82)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039d\u03ce\u03b5<\/a>, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ae \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd <a title=\"\u03a0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1\">\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7<\/a>\u00a0\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2. \u0397 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf\u03bd 19\u03bf \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03be\u03b5\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2. \u0395\u03bd\u03ce \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u00a0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5\u00a0\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c4\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1.<sup id=\"cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-NYT-20160912_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-NYT-20160912-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u039f \u0386\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u0393\u03b7. \u0399\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03c1\u03cc \u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 <a title=\"\u03a4\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A4%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%82\">\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2<\/a> \u03ae <a title=\"\u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b7\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%B7%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD\">\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b7\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd<\/a>, \u03bf\u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2\u00a0\u0395\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5. \u03a4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf-\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc 3,5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bc\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c4\u03b7, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 <a title=\"\u0391\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%91%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B7\">\u03b1\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7<\/a>, \u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ae \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03be\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af.<sup id=\"cite_ref-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Fromproto_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Fromproto-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03be\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03cc\u03bd, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u00a0<i><a title=\"Curiosity\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Curiosity\">Curiosity<\/a><\/i> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u00a0<i><a title=\"Opportunity\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opportunity\">Opportunity<\/a><\/i>\u00a0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c8\u03ac\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03ac\u00a0<a title=\"\u0392\u03b9\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%92%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1\">\u03b2\u03b9\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1<\/a> \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5\u00a0<a title=\"\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82\">\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2<\/a>, <a title=\"\u03a7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A7%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82\">\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2<\/a>, \u03ae <a title=\"\u039b\u03b9\u03b8\u03cc\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%B8%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82\">\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03b8\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2<\/a>\u00a0<a title=\"\u039c\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82\">\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2<\/a>, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03bf \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1-\u03bb\u03b9\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 (<a title=\"\u03a0\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03b1<\/a>\u00a0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ae \u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2) \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u00a0<a title=\"\u03a0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1\">\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-SCI-20140124a_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-SCI-20140124a-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-SCI-20140124special_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-SCI-20140124special-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-SCI-20140124_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-SCI-20140124-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-SCI-20140124c_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-SCI-20140124c-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> \u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u00a0<a title=\"\u03a0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1\">\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/a>, \u03b7\u00a0<a title=\"\u03a4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A4%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1\">\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1<\/a>\u00a0(\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 <a title=\"\u0391\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B8%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1\">\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03b8\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1<\/a>), \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9\u00a0<a title=\"\u039f\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7\">\u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/a>\u00a0\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd <a title=\"NASA\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NASA\">NASA<\/a> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 ESA.<\/p>\n<p>\u03a4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b9\u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u00a0<a title=\"\u0392\u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%92%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF\">\u03b2\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5<\/a> \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1. \u03a4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03bf \u0386\u03c1\u03b7, \u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1 \u0393\u03ba\u03ad\u03b9\u03bb \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b7.<sup id=\"cite_ref-GPL-20170905_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-GPL-20170905-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-GZ-20170906_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-GZ-20170906-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u03a3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 <a title=\"\u03a5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c7\u03bb\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%87%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C\">\u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c7\u03bb\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac<\/a> \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03be\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 <a title=\"\u039c\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82\">\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-SM-20170706_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-SM-20170706-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-NAT-20170706_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-NAT-20170706-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>\u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03ce\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u2014\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03be\u03b5\u2014 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b7, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ae \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03cc\u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf\u03bd \u0399\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf 2018, \u03b7 NASA \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1 <a title=\"\u039c\u03b5\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF\">\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5<\/a> \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b7,\u00a0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ae\u00a0\u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NASA-20180607_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-NASA-20180607-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0391\u03c0\u03c1\u03af\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 2018 \u03bf\u00a0\u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 <i>\u03a4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u0394\u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u0399\u03c7\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u0391\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd<\/i> (ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter) \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 <a title=\"ExoMars\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ExoMars\">ExoMars<\/a> \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c4\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf 2020 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u00a0ExoMars \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c1\u03cd\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03c4\u03bf \u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 NASA <i>\u0386\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 2020<\/i>\u00a0(Mars 2020) \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c3\u03b5 \u0393\u03ae\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u03c4\u03bf 2020-2030.<\/p>\n<div id=\"toc\" class=\"toc\" role=\"navigation\" aria-labelledby=\"mw-toc-heading\">\n<div class=\"toctitle\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"el\">\n<h2 id=\"mw-toc-heading\">\u03a0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd<\/h2>\n<p><label class=\"toctogglelabel\" for=\"toctogglecheckbox\"><\/label><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#\u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2_\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">\u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-3\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03cc\u03bd\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03cc\u03bd<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-4\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-5\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#\u039b\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1_\u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1_\u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">\u039b\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-6\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#\u039a\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae_\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2.2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">\u039a\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-7\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#\u03a3\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac_\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2.3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">\u03a3\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-8\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#\u03a5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2_\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2.4<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">\u03a5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-9\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#\u03a5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c7\u03bb\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2.5<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">\u03a5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c7\u03bb\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-10\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2_\u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2_RSL\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2.6<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 RSL<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-11\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#\u0394\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7_\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5_\u03b1\u03b6\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">\u0394\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b6\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-12\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#\u03a7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae_\u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.4<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">\u03a7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-13\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#\u03a5\u03b3\u03c1\u03cc_\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">\u03a5\u03b3\u03c1\u03cc \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-14\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#\u03a0\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">\u03a0\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-15\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#\u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2_\u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2_\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5_\u0386\u03c1\u03b7\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">\u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-16\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#\u0392\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">\u0392\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\".CE.A0.CF.81.CF.8E.CE.B9.CE.BC.CE.B5.CF.82_.CF.85.CF.80.CE.BF.CE.B8.CE.AD.CF.83.CE.B5.CE.B9.CF.82\"><\/span><span id=\"\u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2_\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<table cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"thumbimage\"><a class=\"image\" title=\"\u0399\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a4\u03b6\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9 \u03a3\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Karte_Mars_Schiaparelli_MKL1888.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/dd\/Karte_Mars_Schiaparelli_MKL1888.png\/220px-Karte_Mars_Schiaparelli_MKL1888.png\" alt=\"\u0399\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a4\u03b6\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9 \u03a3\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\" width=\"220\" height=\"122\" data-file-width=\"713\" data-file-height=\"394\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td class=\"thumbimage\"><a class=\"image\" title=\"\u0399\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a4\u03b6\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9 \u03a3\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Lowell_Mars_channels.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f3\/Lowell_Mars_channels.jpg\/220px-Lowell_Mars_channels.jpg\" alt=\"\u0399\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a4\u03b6\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9 \u03a3\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\" width=\"220\" height=\"112\" data-file-width=\"800\" data-file-height=\"409\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\u0399\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd <a title=\"\u03a4\u03b6\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9 \u03a3\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9_%CE%A3%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B9\">\u03a4\u03b6\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9 \u03a3\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9<\/a><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\u03a4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf <a title=\"\u03a0\u03ad\u03c1\u03c3\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb \u039b\u03cc\u03bf\u03c5\u03b5\u03bb\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A0%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BB_%CE%9B%CF%8C%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B5%CE%BB\">\u03a0\u03ad\u03c1\u03c3\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb \u039b\u03cc\u03bf\u03c5\u03b5\u03bb<\/a> \u03c4\u03bf1898<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u039f\u03b9\u00a0\u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3o\u03b9\u00a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c6\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 17\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 18\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1, \u03bf <a title=\"\u039f\u03c5\u03af\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc \u03a7\u03ad\u03c1\u03c3\u03b5\u03bb\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BC_%CE%A7%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BB\">\u039f\u03c5\u03af\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc \u03a7\u03ad\u03c1\u03c3\u03b5\u03bb<\/a>\u00a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03be, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5. \u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 19\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf <a title=\"\u0386\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 (\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2)\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%82_(%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82)\">\u0386\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2<\/a> \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u0393\u03b7, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u00a0\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd \u03af\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u0393\u03ae\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7. \u0393\u03bd\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0393\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0393\u03b7 \u2014 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u00a0\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf. \u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u00a0<a title=\"\u039b\u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1\u03cd\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%8D%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1\">\u03ac\u03bb\u03b2\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf<\/a>\u00a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b7.<\/p>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf 1854, <a title=\"\u039f\u03c5\u03af\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc \u03a7\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03b5\u03bb\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BC_%CE%A7%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B5%CE%BB\">\u03bf \u0393\u03bf\u03c5\u03af\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc \u03a7\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03b5\u03bb<\/a>, \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a4\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03b9\u03c4\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf <a title=\"\u039a\u03ad\u03b9\u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b6\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9A%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B6\">\u039a\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b6<\/a>, \u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b7 <i>\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2,<\/i> \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u0386\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03b8\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2.<sup id=\"cite_ref-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u03a3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 19\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b7, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd\u00a0\u0386\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u2014 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b2\u03c1\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c8\u03b5\u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.\u03a4\u03bf 1895 \u03bf \u0391\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 <a title=\"\u03a0\u03ad\u03c1\u03c3\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb \u039b\u03cc\u03bf\u03c5\u03b5\u03bb\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A0%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BB_%CE%9B%CF%8C%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B5%CE%BB\">\u03a0\u03ad\u03c1\u03c3\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb \u039b\u03cc\u03bf\u03c5\u03b5\u03bb<\/a> \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <i>\u0386\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2,<\/i> \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf <i>\u03bf \u0386\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5<\/i> \u03c4\u03bf 1906,<sup id=\"cite_ref-NYT-20151001_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-NYT-20151001-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd.<sup id=\"cite_ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup> \u0397 \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5 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\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03be\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7.<\/p>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf 1894 \u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u00a0<a title=\"\u03a6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A6%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B1\">\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2<\/a>\u00a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae \u03b1\u03c4\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1, \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf \u0391\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u0393\u03bf\u03c5\u03af\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc \u0393\u03bf\u03c5\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c2 \u039a\u03ac\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb \u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bf\u03be\u03c5\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf.<sup id=\"cite_ref-chambers_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-chambers-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup> \u03a4\u03bf 1909 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 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\u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac. \u039c\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03ac\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b5\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03ae \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-2013_LPS_18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-2013_LPS-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup> \u039f\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 19 \u03ae 20 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd, \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd, \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd <a title=\"\u039a\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82\">\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-D.C.Golden_19-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-D.C.Golden-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Beaty_20-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Beaty-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 - \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af. \u039f\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c2, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1. \u0395\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03ae\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1.<sup id=\"cite_ref-dust-up_21-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-dust-up-21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/p>\n<table class=\"wikitable\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\"><b>\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/b><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u039d\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0\u00a0\u00b7 \u0395\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd (a<sub>w<\/sub>)<br \/>\n\u00b7 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\/\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac (\u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2) \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1<br \/>\n\u00b7 \u0391\u03bb\u03bc\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, <a title=\"PH\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PH\">pH<\/a>, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 <a title=\"\u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%B3%CE%AE%CF%82\">\u0395<sub>0<\/sub><\/a> \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u03a7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd<\/td>\n<td><b>\u0398\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac: <\/b><br \/>\n\u00b7 C, H, N, O, P, S, \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1, \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03b8\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac<br \/>\n\u00b7 \u039a\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b6\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5<br \/>\n\u00b7 \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\/\u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1<br \/>\n<b>\u03a4\u03bf\u03be\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1: <\/b><br \/>\n\u00b7 <a title=\"\u0392\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%B1_%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1\">\u0392\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1<\/a> (\u03c0. \u03c7., Zn, Ni, Cu, Cr, As, Cd, \u03ba. \u03bb\u03c0., \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03be\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2)<br \/>\n\u00b7 \u03a0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a title=\"\u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82\">\u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae<\/a><br \/>\n\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1<\/td>\n<td><b>\u0397\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae<\/b> (\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf)<br \/>\n<b>\u0393\u03b5\u03c9\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae<\/b> (\u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2)<br \/>\n\u00b7 <a title=\"\u039f\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9F%CE%BE%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CF%83%CF%8E%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1\">\u039f\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac<\/a><br \/>\n\u00b7 \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac<br \/>\n\u00b7 \u039f\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0395\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03ca\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2<br \/>\n\u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0\u00a0\u00b7 \u0398\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1<br \/>\n\u00b7 \u0391\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2<br \/>\n\u00b7 \u03a7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 (\u03a5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 <a title=\"\u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82\">\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03b9\u03b1<\/a>?)<br \/>\n\u00b7 \u0399\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1<br \/>\n\u00b7 <a title=\"\u039a\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82\">\u0393\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1<\/a> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c2\u00a0\u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u00a0(\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1)<br \/>\n\u00b7 \u0397\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac UV-\u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03c0. \u03c7., O<sub>2<\/sub><sup>\u2212<\/sup>, O<sup>\u2212<\/sup>, <a title=\"\u03a5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CF%85%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85\">H<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>2<\/sub><\/a>, O<sub>3 <\/sub><br \/>\n\u00b7 \u039a\u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\/\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 (\u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1,\u00a0 \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2, \u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2)<br \/>\n\u00b7 \u03a5\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 (\u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2,\u00a0 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1)<br \/>\n\u00b7 \u03a5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2\u00a0<a title=\"\u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1\">CO<sub>2<\/sub><\/a>\u00a0\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c4\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1<br \/>\n\u00b7 \u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 (\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2, \u03c1\u03bf\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03cd\u03b4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><span id=\".CE.A0.CE.B1.CF.81.CE.B5.CE.BB.CE.B8.CF.8C.CE.BD\"><\/span><span id=\"\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03cc\u03bd\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03cc\u03bd<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u03a0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1 \u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9, \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c4\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u00a0<a title=\"\u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1\">CO<sub>2<\/sub><\/a>, \u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03c1\u03cd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad \u03b7 \u0393\u03b7.<sup id=\"cite_ref-habitability_2013_22-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-habitability_2013-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup> \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b7\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03cd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039d\u03ce\u03b5, \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u039f\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0395\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u00a0\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae \u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ce\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c4\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2, \u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b2\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:PIA19673-Mars-AlgaCrater-ImpactGlassDetected-MRO-20150608.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/17\/PIA19673-Mars-AlgaCrater-ImpactGlassDetected-MRO-20150608.jpg\/220px-PIA19673-Mars-AlgaCrater-ImpactGlassDetected-MRO-20150608.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"133\" data-file-width=\"1551\" data-file-height=\"938\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\u039f\u00a0\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u0386\u03bb\u03b3\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b9\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2\u00a0\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03be\u03b5.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NASA-20150608_23-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-NASA-20150608-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u0397 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ce\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u00a0\u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03ad\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c4\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ce\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u00a0\u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Biosignatures_2011_24-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Biosignatures_2011-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup> \u0395\u03bd\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03bf, \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c4\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b2\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u00a0<a title=\"\u0397\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82\">\u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5<\/a>, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c4\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Dehant_25-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Dehant-25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup> \u0397 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ce\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c4\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2. \u039c\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c7\u03bd\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf <a title=\"\u039c\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9C%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%AD%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82\">\u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_26-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-:0-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u0395\u03c0\u03af\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u00a0<a title=\"\u0399\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%99%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%AD%CF%82\">\u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1<\/a> \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b7\u03c2. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 130 \u03c7\u03bb\u03bc. \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc \u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bc\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03cc \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_26-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-:0-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup> \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1.<sup id=\"cite_ref-27\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf 2013, \u03c4\u03bf \u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 NASA\u00a0<a title=\"Curiosity\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Curiosity\">Curiosity<\/a><i>\u00a0<\/i>\u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u00a0\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u00a0\u03cc\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ancient_life_28-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-ancient_life-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup> \u0397 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2\u00a0<a title=\"\u0398\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF\">\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03bf<\/a>, <a title=\"\u0386\u03b6\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%86%CE%B6%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF\">\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf<\/a>, <a title=\"\u03a5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF\">\u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf<\/a>, \u03bf\u03be\u03c5\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf, <a title=\"\u03a6\u03c9\u03c3\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A6%CF%89%CF%83%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82\">\u03c6\u03ce\u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf<\/a>\u00a0\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u00a0<a title=\"\u0386\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%86%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82\">\u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1<\/a>, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ac, \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u2014 \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ae \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03af\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u2014 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03bf\u03be\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03ae \u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1. \u03a4\u03b7\u03bd 9 \u0394\u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 2013, \u03b7 NASA \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u00a0<i>Curiosity,<\/i> \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u00a0Aeolis Palus\u00a0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u00a0\u039a\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1 \u0393\u03ba\u03ad\u03b7\u03bb\u00a0\u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 <a title=\"\u039b\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9B%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%B7\">\u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c6\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd<\/a> \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03cc\u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd <a title=\"\u039c\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82\">\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NYT-20131209_29-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-NYT-20131209-29\">[29]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-SCI-20131209_30-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-SCI-20131209-30\">[30]<\/a><\/sup> \u0397 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03cc \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b7, \u03b7 \u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03be\u03b7 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u00a0\u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1,<sup id=\"cite_ref-31\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-32\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-32\">[32]<\/a><\/sup> \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae.<sup id=\"cite_ref-33\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-33\">[33]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03b7\u00a0\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03be\u03b5 \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad. \u0391\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03be\u03b5, \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd <a title=\"\u039c\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82\">\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03b9\u03b1<\/a>\u00a0\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac \u03ae \u03b9\u03b6\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03ae \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03bb\u03bc.<\/p>\n<p>\u0399\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c6\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7..<sup id=\"cite_ref-34\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-34\">[34]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 7 \u0399\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 2018, \u03b7 NASA \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1 <i>Curiosity<\/i>\u00a0\u03b2\u03c1\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b9\u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bc\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd.<sup id=\"cite_ref-35\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-35\">[35]<\/a><\/sup> <sup id=\"cite_ref-SCI-20180608c_36-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-SCI-20180608c-36\">[36]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b2\u03c1\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae.<sup id=\"cite_ref-SPC-20180607_37-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-SPC-20180607-37\">[37]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-NYT-20180607_38-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-NYT-20180607-38\">[38]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\".CE.A0.CE.B1.CF.81.CF.8C.CE.BD\"><\/span><span id=\"\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0398\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03b1\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 (\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5) \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd, \u03ae \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03be\u03bf\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NASA_strategy_2015_39-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-NASA_strategy_2015-39\">[39]<\/a><\/sup> \u03a3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b7, \u03ae \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bb\u03af\u03b3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1. \u03a4\u03bf <a title=\"\u039c\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9C%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%AD%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2<\/a>\u00a0\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u03c5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2\u00a0<a title=\"\u0386\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%86%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B7\">\u03ac\u03bb\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2<\/a> \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03af\u03b3\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 <a title=\"\u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03c2 (\u0386\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2)\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%82_(%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%82)\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03c2<\/a> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7, \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf \u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd.<\/p>\n<p>\u0388\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1, \u03b7 NASA \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \"\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\" \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2\u00a0<i>Viking<\/i>. \u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf 2017, \u03b7 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 NASA \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1.<\/p>\n<h4><span id=\".CE.9B.CE.B1.CE.BD.CE.B8.CE.AC.CE.BD.CE.BF.CF.85.CF.83.CE.B1_.CF.85.CF.80.CE.B5.CE.B4.CE.AC.CF.86.CE.B9.CE.B1_.CE.B6.CF.89.CE.AE\"><\/span><span id=\"\u039b\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1_\u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1_\u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u039b\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1 \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03af\u03c3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 76 mGy \u03b5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1,<sup id=\"cite_ref-40\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-40\">[40]<\/a><\/sup> \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7. \u0397 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03ba\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ac\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u0392\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03cd\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 450.000 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b2\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5.<sup id=\"cite_ref-41\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-41\">[41]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h4><span id=\".CE.9A.CE.BF.CF.83.CE.BC.CE.B9.CE.BA.CE.AE_.CE.B1.CE.BA.CF.84.CE.B9.CE.BD.CE.BF.CE.B2.CE.BF.CE.BB.CE.AF.CE.B1\"><\/span><span id=\"\u039a\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae_\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u039a\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1<\/span><\/h4>\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Mars_global_surveyor.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d8\/Mars_global_surveyor.jpg\/220px-Mars_global_surveyor.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"255\" data-file-width=\"6000\" data-file-height=\"6958\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\u03a4\u03bf Mars Global Surveyor \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf 1996.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf 1965, \u03c4\u03bf <a title=\"\u039c\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1 4\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%81_4\">\u039c\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1 4<\/a>\u00a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u0386\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u00a0\u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u00a0\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u00a0<a title=\"\u039a\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82\">\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1<\/a> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u00b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 1990 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u00a0Mars Global Surveyor \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b7.<sup id=\"cite_ref-42\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-42\">[42]<\/a><\/sup> \u039f\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf <a title=\"\u0397\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82\">\u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2<\/a>\u00a0\u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03c5\u03c1\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u00a0\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae \u03b1\u03c4\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03c3.\u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd.<sup id=\"cite_ref-43\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-43\">[43]<\/a><\/sup> \u03a9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf, \u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03c5\u03ac\u03bb\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 4 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bc\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1.<sup id=\"cite_ref-hostile_to_life_44-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-hostile_to_life-44\">[44]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u03a0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u00a0<i>in-situ<\/i>\u00a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1<i>\u00a0\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1<\/i>\u00a0 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 <a title=\"\u039a\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82\">\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2<\/a>\u00a0\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u00a0 \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2. \u03a4\u03b1 76 mGy \u03b5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5\u00a0\u03c4\u03bf <i>\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1<\/i> \u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 ISS.<sup id=\"cite_ref-45\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-45\">[45]<\/a><\/sup> \u03a4\u03bf 2014 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 MEPAG \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u039f\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u0395\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9:<sup id=\"cite_ref-RummelBeaty2014_46-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-RummelBeaty2014-46\">[46]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<dl>\n<dd>\"\u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 MSL RAD, \u03b7 \u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc <a title=\"\u039a\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82\">\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2<\/a>\u00a0\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u00a0 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03b5\u03c2. \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u00a0\u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c4\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 2-5 \u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u0395\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b7.\" \u0397\u00a0\u0395\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u0393\u03ae\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<h4><span id=\".CE.A3.CF.89.CF.81.CE.B5.CF.85.CF.84.CE.B9.CE.BA.CE.AC_.CE.B1.CF.80.CE.BF.CF.84.CE.B5.CE.BB.CE.AD.CF.83.CE.BC.CE.B1.CF.84.CE.B1\"><\/span><span id=\"\u03a3\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac_\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u03a3\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1<\/span><\/h4>\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:ExoMars_2016_Launch.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0c\/ExoMars_2016_Launch.jpg\/300px-ExoMars_2016_Launch.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" data-file-width=\"3456\" data-file-height=\"2304\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03be\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 ExoMars 2016<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u0391\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03cd\u03c4\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c6\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c7\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c4\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1.<sup id=\"cite_ref-47\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-47\">[47]<\/a><\/sup> \u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b7, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ad\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<sup id=\"cite_ref-cosmic_radiation_48-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-cosmic_radiation-48\">[48]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Dartnell_49-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Dartnell-49\">[49]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Dartnell_Geographic_with_quote_50-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Dartnell_Geographic_with_quote-50\">[50]<\/a><\/sup> \u0397 \u03c3\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac \u03c3\u03b5 <a title=\"DNA\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DNA\">DNA<\/a> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 <a title=\"RNA\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RNA\">RNA<\/a> \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03cd\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03c4\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc 7,5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u0393\u03ae\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u00a0\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf 18.000 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b1 2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u2014\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c6\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u00a0<a title=\"ExoMars\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ExoMars\">ExoMars<\/a>\u2014\u00a0 \u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd 90.000 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03cc \u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bc\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1, \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Dartnell_Geographic_51-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Dartnell_Geographic-51\">[51]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Radiation_Assessment_Detector_for_Mars_Science_Laboratory.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d7\/Radiation_Assessment_Detector_for_Mars_Science_Laboratory.jpg\/220px-Radiation_Assessment_Detector_for_Mars_Science_Laboratory.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"323\" data-file-width=\"1309\" data-file-height=\"1920\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\u03a4\u03bf RAD \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1 <a title=\"Curiosity\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Curiosity\">\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1<\/a> \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u03a4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0391\u03bd\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae \u0391\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2\u00a0(RAD), \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u00a0<i><a title=\"Curiosity\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Curiosity\">\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1<\/a>,<\/i>\u00a0\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 76 <a title=\"\u0393\u03ba\u03c1\u03ad\u03c5 (\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1)\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%85_(%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1)\">mGy<\/a>\/\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \"\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2, \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd, \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-RAD_January_2014_52-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-RAD_January_2014-52\">[52]<\/a><\/sup> \u0391\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd\u00a0<a title=\"\u039f\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7\">\u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd<\/a>\u00a0(\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ae \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae), \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03af \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03cd\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd\u00a0\u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u00a0\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ae \u03b2\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1. \u0397 \u03ad\u03ba\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9\u00a0<i>in situ<\/i> \"\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u2014\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2\u2014 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b8\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03cd\u03bb\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03cc\u03c1\u03c5\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03ba\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bb\u03af\u03b3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1.\"<\/p>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a3\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03ad\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf 2017 \u03c4\u03bf NASA \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1\u00a0<a title=\"\u0391\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%91%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1\">\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2<\/a> \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u00a0<a title=\"\u0386\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 (\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2)\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%82_(%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82)\">\u0386\u03c1\u03b7<\/a> \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2\u00a0<a title=\"\u03a3\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A3%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%82\">\u03c3\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03c2<\/a>\u00a025 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u00a0<a title=\"\u03a3\u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03ae \u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03b1\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AE_%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%B6%CE%B1%CF%82\">\u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03b3\u03af\u03b4\u03b1<\/a> \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1.<sup id=\"cite_ref-PHYS-20170930_53-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-PHYS-20170930-53\">[53]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h4><span id=\".CE.A5.CF.80.CE.B5.CF.81.CE.B9.CF.8E.CE.B4.CE.B7.CF.82_.CE.B1.CE.BA.CF.84.CE.B9.CE.BD.CE.BF.CE.B2.CE.BF.CE.BB.CE.AF.CE.B1\"><\/span><span id=\"\u03a5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2_\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u03a5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf 2014 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03ad\u03ba\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd UV \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03be\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9\u00a0\u00a0\"\u03a4\u03bf \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc UV \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b8\u03cd\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 &lt; 1 mm <a title=\"\u03a1\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A1%CE%B7%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%82\">\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5<\/a> \u03ae \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2.\" \u03a4\u03bf\u03bd \u0399\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf 2017 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 UV \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c7\u03bb\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd 10,8-\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03cd\u03be\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03c4\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd 60 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ad\u03ba\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03b5\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf-\u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<sup id=\"cite_ref-oxides_54-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-oxides-54\">[54]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h4><span id=\".CE.A5.CF.80.CE.B5.CF.81.CF.87.CE.BB.CF.89.CF.81.CE.B9.CE.BA.CE.AC\"><\/span><span id=\"\u03a5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c7\u03bb\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u03a5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c7\u03bb\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u039f \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 <a title=\"\u03a1\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A1%CE%B7%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%82\">\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2<\/a> \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 0,5% (w\/v) \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c7\u03bb\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac (ClO<sub>4<\/sub><sup>\u2212<\/sup>) \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03be\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2,<sup id=\"cite_ref-55\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-55\">[55]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03c0\u03ae\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2, \u03bf\u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1.<sup id=\"cite_ref-bacteriocidal_56-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-bacteriocidal-56\">[56]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-57\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-57\">[57]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-58\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-58\">[58]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf\u03bd \u0399\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf 2017 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03c5\u03ba\u03b5 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c7\u03bb\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 <a title=\"\u0392\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF\">\u03b2\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1<\/a>. \u0391\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b9\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd. \u0395\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2, \u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 <a title=\"\u03a5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CF%85%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85\">\u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5<\/a>, \u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c7\u03bb\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03c4\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac 10,8 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2. \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5, \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c6\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 (\u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b6\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03ac\u03bb\u03c4\u03b7) \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03be\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bf\u03be\u03c5\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5.<sup id=\"cite_ref-59\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-59\">[59]<\/a><\/sup> \u039f\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \"\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03cd\u03c4\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-60\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-60\">[60]<\/a><\/sup> \u0397 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Wall2017_61-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Wall2017-61\">[61]<\/a><\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03af\u03b3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03ae.<sup id=\"cite_ref-62\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-62\">[62]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h4><span id=\".CE.A0.CE.B5.CF.81.CE.B9.CE.BF.CE.B4.CE.B9.CE.BA.CE.AD.CF.82_.CE.BA.CE.BB.CE.AF.CF.83.CE.B5.CE.B9.CF.82_RSL\"><\/span><span id=\"\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2_\u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2_RSL\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 RSL<\/span><\/h4>\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Warm_Season_Flows_on_Slope_in_Newton_Crater_(animated).gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/67\/Warm_Season_Flows_on_Slope_in_Newton_Crater_%28animated%29.gif\/300px-Warm_Season_Flows_on_Slope_in_Newton_Crater_%28animated%29.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"248\" data-file-width=\"1839\" data-file-height=\"1518\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 RSL<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2\u00a0(Recurrent slope lineae, RSL) \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0389\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03ae\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5. \u039f\u03b9 \u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03be\u03b7, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03be\u03b5\u03b8\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03b8\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf. \u0397 \u03b4\u03cd\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <a title=\"\u03a1\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A1%CE%B7%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%82\">\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5<\/a>. \u039c\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc, \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03c1\u03cd\u03bf \u03ae <a title=\"\u0391\u03bb\u03bc\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%BC%CF%85%CF%81%CF%8C_%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C\">\u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc<\/a> \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae. \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c9\u03c2 \"\u0391\u03b2\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u0395\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2\".<\/p>\n<p>\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \"\u0395\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2\" \u03bb\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5: \"\u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03bf \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd RSL \u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03b5 &gt; 250 \u039a, \u03bc\u03b5 <span class=\"mwe-math-element\"><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\"> a w {\\displaystyle a_{w}} <\/span><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" src=\"https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/3a12aa5db11b8e78a6f0fa27d105e3f5c7b8d0d7\" alt=\"{\\displaystyle a_{w}}\" aria-hidden=\"true\" \/><\/span>(\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd) \u03ac\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae. \u03a9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u0391\u03b2\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u0395\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2. \u03a5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd RSL, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03af\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03cc \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc.\" \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf 2011.<sup id=\"cite_ref-63\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-63\">[63]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u03a4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9\u00a0\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03c2 <a title=\"\u0386\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%86%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B7\">\u03ac\u03bb\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2<\/a>, \u03b5\u03c6\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03cc\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae \u03cd\u03b4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2.<sup id=\"cite_ref-64\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-64\">[64]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-NASA-20150928b_65-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-NASA-20150928b-65\">[65]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-NASA-20150928a_66-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-NASA-20150928a-66\">[66]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Ojhaetal2015_67-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Ojhaetal2015-67\">[67]<\/a><\/sup>\u0397 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd (\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd) \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0393\u03b7, \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bc\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b7. \u03a0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae \u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03b9\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \"\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-68\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-68\">[68]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\".CE.94.CE.AD.CF.83.CE.BC.CE.B5.CF.85.CF.83.CE.B7_.CF.84.CE.BF.CF.85_.CE.B1.CE.B6.CF.8E.CF.84.CE.BF.CF.85\"><\/span><span id=\"\u0394\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7_\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5_\u03b1\u03b6\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u0394\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b6\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1, <a title=\"\u0386\u03b6\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%86%CE%B6%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF\">\u03c4\u03bf \u03ac\u03b6\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf<\/a> \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 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\u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0393\u03b7, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c7\u03bb\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b7. \u03a0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03bf\u03ba \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b7\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bd\u03ad\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Stern_2015_70-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Stern_2015-70\">[70]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sample_Analysis_at_Mars_MSL.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/95\/Sample_Analysis_at_Mars_MSL.jpg\/220px-Sample_Analysis_at_Mars_MSL.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" data-file-width=\"3264\" data-file-height=\"2448\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\u039f \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u0394\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd SAM<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u03a4\u03b7\u03bd 24 \u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 2015, \u03c4\u03bf NASA \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u0394\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u00a0(SAM)\u00a0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u00a0<i>\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1<\/i> \u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03b9\u03b6\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u03a4\u03bf \u03ac\u03b6\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \"\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae\" \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc <a title=\"\u039f\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 (\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1)\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_(%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1)\">\u03b6\u03c9\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2<\/a>. \u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c8\u03b7 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03cc\u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u00a0<a title=\"\u0396\u03c9\u03ae\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE\">\u03b6\u03c9\u03ae<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NASA-20150324_71-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-NASA-20150324-71\">[71]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-72\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-72\">[72]<\/a><\/sup> \u03a0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Nitrogen_2017_73-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Nitrogen_2017-73\">[73]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u0397 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u00a0\u039d\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b7-\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 681 \u00b1 304 mg\/kg \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 2017.\u00a0\u03a4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u00a0\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c0\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7 (\u224810 \u03bc) \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03cd\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03af.<sup id=\"cite_ref-74\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-74\">[74]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u0395\u03bd\u03ce \u03c4\u03bf <a title=\"\u03a6\u03c9\u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A6%CF%89%CF%83%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC\">\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc<\/a> \u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c2, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03be\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae, \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b7.<sup id=\"cite_ref-75\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-75\">[75]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\".CE.A7.CE.B1.CE.BC.CE.B7.CE.BB.CE.AE_.CF.80.CE.AF.CE.B5.CF.83.CE.B7\"><\/span><span id=\"\u03a7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae_\u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u03a7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7. \u0399\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b9\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 25 mbar, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c4\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 (\u03b5\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 1-14 mbar).<sup id=\"cite_ref-Serratia_76-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Serratia-76\">[76]<\/a><\/sup> \u03a3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7, \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03bd 26 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c7\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u00a0<i>Serratia liquefaciens\u00a0<\/i>\u00a0ATCC 27592 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03cd\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03be\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c4\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 7 mbar, 0 \u00b0C \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 CO<sub>2<\/sub>.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\".CE.A5.CE.B3.CF.81.CF.8C_.CE.BD.CE.B5.CF.81.CF.8C\"><\/span><span id=\"\u03a5\u03b3\u03c1\u03cc_\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u03a5\u03b3\u03c1\u03cc \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03cc \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03cb\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03be\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5, \u03b5\u03c6\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NASA-20151015_77-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-NASA-20151015-77\">[77]<\/a><\/sup> \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03cc \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c8\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03ae \u03c9\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd.<sup id=\"cite_ref-78\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-78\">[78]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-79\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-79\">[79]<\/a><\/sup> \u03a4\u03bf \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03cc \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae,<sup id=\"cite_ref-80\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-80\">[80]<\/a><\/sup> \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c7\u03b9\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b6\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0389\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Shiga2009_81-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Shiga2009-81\">[81]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-news.softpedia_82-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-news.softpedia-82\">[82]<\/a><\/sup> \u0395\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c7\u03bd\u03c9\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03ae \u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c3\u03c0\u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd.<sup id=\"cite_ref-83\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-83\">[83]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-84\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-84\">[84]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-85\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-85\">[85]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-86\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-86\">[86]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tmulti tnone center\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div><a title=\"\u0386\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 (\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2)\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%82_(%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82)\">\u0386\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2<\/a> - <a class=\"new\" title=\"\u039f\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03b1 \u03a0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 (\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1)\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%CE%9F%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u039f\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03b1 \u03a0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1<\/a><br \/>\n\u039c\u03b5 <a title=\"\u03a4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1\">\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2<\/a> \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c6\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5<br \/>\n\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 <a title=\"\u039b\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7 \u03a3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c0\u03af\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9B%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%81\">\u039b\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7 \u03a3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c0\u03af\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1<\/a> (22 \u039d\u03bf\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 2016)<sup id=\"cite_ref-NASA-20161122_87-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-NASA-20161122-87\">[87]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Register-2016_88-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Register-2016-88\">[88]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-NASA-20161122jpl_89-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-NASA-20161122jpl-89\">[89]<\/a><\/sup><\/div>\n<div class=\"tsingle\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:PIA21136_Scalloped_Terrain_Led_to_Finding_of_Buried_Ice_on_Mars.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/26\/PIA21136_Scalloped_Terrain_Led_to_Finding_of_Buried_Ice_on_Mars.jpg\/341px-PIA21136_Scalloped_Terrain_Led_to_Finding_of_Buried_Ice_on_Mars.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"341\" height=\"212\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"398\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tsingle\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:PIA21138_Location_of_Large_Subsurface_Water-Ice_Deposit_in_Utopia_Planitia,_Mars.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a3\/PIA21138_Location_of_Large_Subsurface_Water-Ice_Deposit_in_Utopia_Planitia%2C_Mars.png\/443px-PIA21138_Location_of_Large_Subsurface_Water-Ice_Deposit_in_Utopia_Planitia%2C_Mars.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"443\" height=\"213\" data-file-width=\"596\" data-file-height=\"286\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\u03a7\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2\u00a0\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2.<sup id=\"cite_ref-mars.jpl.nasa.gov_90-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-mars.jpl.nasa.gov-90\">[90]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Feildman,_T._2004_91-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Feildman,_T._2004-91\">[91]<\/a><\/sup> \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c4\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ucar_92-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-ucar-92\">[92]<\/a><\/sup> \u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c4\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 600 <a title=\"\u03a0\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb (\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2)\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BB_(%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1_%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82)\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb<\/a>\u00a0\u2014\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae 0,6% \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u0393\u03ae\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2\u2014\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 (-63\u00b0C)\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2. \u038c\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc 3,8 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bc\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1<sup id=\"cite_ref-Baker_93-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Baker-93\">[93]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c4\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7, \u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1,<sup id=\"cite_ref-flashback_94-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-flashback-94\">[94]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-95\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-95\">[95]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Clay_clues_96-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Clay_clues-96\">[96]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-97\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-97\">[97]<\/a><\/sup> \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Sea_98-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Sea-98\">[98]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-99\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-99\">[99]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-2003JGRE..108.5042C_100-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-2003JGRE..108.5042C-100\">[100]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3e\/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7.jpg\/220px-%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"176\" data-file-width=\"2554\" data-file-height=\"2048\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF:Mars-SubglacialWater-SouthPoleRegion-20180725.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c9\/Mars-SubglacialWater-SouthPoleRegion-20180725.jpg\/150px-Mars-SubglacialWater-SouthPoleRegion-20180725.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"212\" data-file-width=\"1448\" data-file-height=\"2048\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\u039f \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u039d\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2. \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc.(25 \u0399\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 2018)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u0395\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf 36%<sup id=\"cite_ref-ReferenceA_101-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-ReferenceA-101\">[101]<\/a><\/sup> \u03bc\u03b5 75% \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Smith_102-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Smith-102\">[102]<\/a><\/sup> \u03a4\u03b7\u03bd 22 \u039d\u03bf\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 2016, \u03c4\u03bf NASA \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b2\u03c1\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u039f\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03b1 \u03a0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1, \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 <a title=\"\u039b\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7 \u03a3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c0\u03af\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9B%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%81\">\u039b\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c0\u03af\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NASA-20161122_87-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-NASA-20161122-87\">[87]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Register-2016_88-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Register-2016-88\">[88]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-NASA-20161122jpl_89-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-NASA-20161122jpl-89\">[89]<\/a><\/sup> \u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c8\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03b8\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03ae\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2. \u0397 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 Tosca <i>et al. <\/i> \u03b2\u03c1\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 a<sub>w<\/sub> \u2264 0,78 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 0,86\u2014\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03ae\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae.<sup id=\"cite_ref-103\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-103\">[103]<\/a><\/sup> \u03a4\u03b1 \u03a7\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bc\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd.<sup id=\"cite_ref-104\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-104\">[104]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf\u03bd \u0399\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf 2000 \u03b2\u03c1\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03be\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9.<sup id=\"cite_ref-underground_105-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-underground-105\">[105]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-106\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-106\">[106]<\/a><\/sup> \u03a4\u03bf 2006 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Mars Global Surveyor \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03c1\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cd\u03b4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7. \u03a3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b9\u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd.<\/p>\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03be\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03be\u03b7\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b8\u03cd\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2,<sup id=\"cite_ref-107\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-107\">[107]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-ReferenceB_108-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-ReferenceB-108\">[108]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-moon_109-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-moon-109\">[109]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-110\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-110\">[110]<\/a><\/sup> \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ae <a title=\"\u0386\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%86%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B7\">\u03ac\u03bb\u03bc\u03b7<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-voanews_111-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-voanews-111\">[111]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Ames_112-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Ames-112\">[112]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-113\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-113\">[113]<\/a><\/sup> <sup id=\"cite_ref-hirise_114-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-hirise-114\">[114]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf\u03bd \u0399\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf 2018, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03c1\u03ae\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b7, \u03c3\u03b5 1,5 \u03c7\u03bb\u03bc. \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 20 \u03c7\u03bb\u03bc., \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7.<sup id=\"cite_ref-SCI-20180725_115-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-SCI-20180725-115\">[115]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-NYT-20180725_116-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-NYT-20180725-116\">[116]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-117\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-117\">[117]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-118\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-118\">[118]<\/a><\/sup> \u0397 \u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1 MARSIS \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd <i>Mars Express<\/i> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u039c\u03b1\u0390\u03bf\u03c2 2012 - \u0394\u03b5\u03ba\u03ad\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 2015.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Suppl_material_119-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Suppl_material-119\">[119]<\/a><\/sup> \u03a4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 193\u00b0E, 81\u00b0S, \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b8\u03bb\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\".CE.A0.CF.85.CF.81.CE.B9.CF.84.CE.B9.CE.BA.CE.AC\"><\/span><span id=\"\u03a0\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u03a0\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF:Spirit_Mars_Silica_April_20_2007.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/dd\/Spirit_Mars_Silica_April_20_2007.jpg\/220px-Spirit_Mars_Silica_April_20_2007.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"220\" data-file-width=\"512\" data-file-height=\"512\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\u0397 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1 \u03a3\u03c0\u03af\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:NASA_Mars_Rover.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d8\/NASA_Mars_Rover.jpg\/220px-NASA_Mars_Rover.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"176\" data-file-width=\"3000\" data-file-height=\"2400\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\u03a4\u03bf \u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1 \u03a3\u03c0\u03af\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf\u03bd \u039c\u03ac\u03b9\u03bf 2007, \u03c4\u03bf \u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1 <i>\u03a3\u03c0\u03af\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4<\/i> \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1\u03be\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c1\u03cc\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 90% <a title=\"\u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CF%80%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-120\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-120\">[120]<\/a><\/sup> \u03a4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 <a title=\"\u0399\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%99%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%AD%CF%82\">\u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2<\/a> \u03ae \u03b1\u03c4\u03bc\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 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\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03cc\u03be\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b7\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd.<sup id=\"cite_ref-20071210a_121-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-20071210a-121\">[121]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u039c\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u0393\u03b7, \u03c4\u03b1\u00a0 \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac \u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 <a title=\"\u039f\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7\">\u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd<\/a> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 <a title=\"\u0391\u03bd\u03cc\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7\">\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd<\/a> \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Leveille_122-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-Leveille-122\">[122]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-123\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-123\">[123]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-124\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-124\">[124]<\/a><\/sup> \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac 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href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7#cite_note-127\">[127]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"center\">\n<div class=\"thumb tnone\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Marsdustdevil2.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fe\/Marsdustdevil2.gif\/800px-Marsdustdevil2.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"200\" data-file-width=\"1024\" data-file-height=\"256\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"center\">\n<div class=\"thumb tnone\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b8\u03cd\u03b5\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 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title=\"\u039b\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2 \u039f\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\" alt=\"\u039b\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2 \u039f\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\" coords=\"12,52,33,62\" shape=\"rect\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF\" \/>\n<area title=\"\u039b\u03c5\u03bf\u03c4 (\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2)\" alt=\"\u039b\u03c5\u03bf\u03c4 (\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2)\" coords=\"83,8,87,12\" shape=\"rect\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9B%CF%85%CE%BF%CF%84_(%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82)\" \/>\n<area title=\"\u039d\u03ce\u03b5 \u03a4\u03b5\u03c1\u03c1\u03b1\" alt=\"\u039d\u03ce\u03b5 \u03a4\u03b5\u03c1\u03c1\u03b1\" coords=\"83,61,80,61,85,87,122,87,112,73,101,58\" shape=\"poly\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9D%CF%8E%CE%B5_%CE%A4%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%81%CE%B1\" \/>\n<area title=\"\u038c\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u038c\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2\" alt=\"\u038c\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u038c\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2\" coords=\"28,35,35,43\" shape=\"rect\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%8C%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%82)\" \/>\n<area title=\"\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03b8\u03ad\u03b1\u03c2 \u03a4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c1\u03b1\" alt=\"\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03b8\u03ad\u03b1\u03c2 \u03a4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c1\u03b1\" coords=\"123,76,144,88\" shape=\"rect\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B7%CE%B8%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%A4%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%81%CE%B1\" \/>\n<area title=\"\u03a1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03be (\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2)\" alt=\"\u03a1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03be (\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2)\" coords=\"100,20,103,23\" shape=\"rect\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BE_(%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82)\" \/>\n<area title=\"\u03a3\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 \u039f\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\" alt=\"\u03a3\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 \u039f\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\" coords=\"49,54,61,59\" shape=\"rect\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A3%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF\" \/>\n<area title=\"\u03a4\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5 \u03a4\u03b5\u03c1\u03c1\u03b1\" alt=\"\u03a4\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5 \u03a4\u03b5\u03c1\u03c1\u03b1\" coords=\"50,26,71,46\" shape=\"rect\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A4%CE%B5%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5_%CE%A4%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%81%CE%B1\" \/>\n<area title=\"\u03a4\u03b5\u03c1\u03c1\u03b1 \u03a7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\" alt=\"\u03a4\u03b5\u03c1\u03c1\u03b1 \u03a7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\" coords=\"138,59,166,83\" shape=\"rect\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A4%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%81%CE%B1_%CE%A7%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1\" \/>\n<area title=\"\u03a4\u03b5\u03c1\u03c1\u03b1 \u03a3\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03b5\u03b1\" alt=\"\u03a4\u03b5\u03c1\u03c1\u03b1 \u03a3\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03b5\u03b1\" coords=\"110,40,121,51\" shape=\"rect\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A4%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%81%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B5%CE%B1\" \/>\n<area title=\"\u03a4\u03b5\u03c1\u03c1\u03b1 \u03a3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\" alt=\"\u03a4\u03b5\u03c1\u03c1\u03b1 \u03a3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\" coords=\"13,69,60,89\" shape=\"rect\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A4%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%81%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1\" \/>\n<area title=\"\u0398\u03b1\u03c1\u03c3\u03af\u03c2 \u03b7\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\" alt=\"\u0398\u03b1\u03c1\u03c3\u03af\u03c2 \u03b7\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\" coords=\"32,52,38,57,50,41,42,39\" shape=\"poly\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%98%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%83%CE%AF%CF%82\" \/>\n<area title=\"\u039f\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03b1 \u03a0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\" alt=\"\u039f\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03b1 \u03a0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\" coords=\"118,5,152,32\" shape=\"rect\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9F%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1\" \/>\n<area title=\"\u039a\u03bf\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039c\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\" alt=\"\u039a\u03bf\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039c\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\" coords=\"51,47,78,57\" shape=\"rect\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%81\" \/>\n<area title=\"\u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2\" alt=\"\u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2\" coords=\"28,6,56,21\" shape=\"rect\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%82\" \/>\n<area title=\"\u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2\" alt=\"\u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2\" coords=\"96,6,116,20\" shape=\"rect\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%82\" \/><\/map>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1d\/Mars_Map.JPG\/620px-Mars_Map.JPG\" alt=\"Map of Mars\" usemap=\"#ImageMap_f013cd8fef95aaa4\" width=\"620\" height=\"354\" data-file-width=\"2180\" data-file-height=\"1244\" \/><\/div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" title=\"\u0395\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e6\/Interactive_icon.svg\/12px-Interactive_icon.svg.png\" alt=\"The image above contains clickable links\" width=\"12\" height=\"18\" data-file-width=\"133\" data-file-height=\"200\" \/>\u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 <a title=\"\u0393\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7\">\u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03c2<\/a>. \u03a4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 &gt;25 <a title=\"\u0393\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03c1\u03b7\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2<\/a> \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf. \u039f \u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac <a title=\"\u03a5\u03c8\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A5%CF%88%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF\">\u03c5\u03c8\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1<\/a>, \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <a class=\"new\" title=\"Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1)\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Mars_Orbiter_Laser_Altimeter&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae \u03c5\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5\u03c1<\/a> \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd <a title=\"Mars Global Surveyor\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mars_Global_Surveyor\">Mars Global Surveyor<\/a> \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 NASA. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03cc\u03ba\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c1\u03bf\u03b6 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c8\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 (+3 \u03c7\u03bb\u03bc \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 +8 \u03c7\u03bb\u03bc)\u00b7 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 0 \u03c7\u03bb\u03bc\u00b7 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03b5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c8\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 (\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 -8 \u03c7\u03bb\u03bc). \u03a4\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03ac (&gt;+12 \u03c7\u03bb\u03bc) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ac (&gt;+8 \u03c7\u03bb\u03bc) \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c8\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1. \u039f\u03b9 <a title=\"\u039a\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD\">\u03ac\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2<\/a> \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 <a title=\"\u0393\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82\">\u03a0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/a> and <a title=\"\u0393\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BC%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82\">\u039c\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2<\/a>\u00b7 \u039f\u03b9 <a title=\"\u0393\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82\">\u03a0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9<\/a> \u03b4\u03b5 \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0396\u03c9\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u0392\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03a0\u03ae\u03b4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03a4\u03bf \u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1: \u0396\u03c9\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd \u0391\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u0397\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03a3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u0396\u03c9\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0393\u03b7 \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1: \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b7 \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0391\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03c4\u03b7 &hellip; <\/p>\n<div class=\"more-link-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.e-me.edu.gr\/hive-HLIAO\/2020\/08\/02\/%ce%b6%cf%89%ce%ae-%cf%83%cf%84%ce%bf%ce%bd-%ce%ac%cf%81%ce%b7\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;\u0396\u03c9\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03b7&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":237062,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[28,13,3,5],"class_list":["post-168","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-1","tag-28","tag-13","tag-3","tag-5"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.e-me.edu.gr\/hive-HLIAO\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/168","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.e-me.edu.gr\/hive-HLIAO\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.e-me.edu.gr\/hive-HLIAO\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.e-me.edu.gr\/hive-HLIAO\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/237062"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.e-me.edu.gr\/hive-HLIAO\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=168"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.e-me.edu.gr\/hive-HLIAO\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/168\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.e-me.edu.gr\/hive-HLIAO\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=168"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.e-me.edu.gr\/hive-HLIAO\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=168"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.e-me.edu.gr\/hive-HLIAO\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=168"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}